Zvichienzaniswa nezvikafu zvemhuka, mavara emarudzi ese emiriwo nemichero anogona kuva neruvara uye runako. Ruvara rwegirini rwakajeka rwebroccoli, ruvara rwepepuru rweeggplant, ruvara rweyero rwemakarotsi, uye ruvara rutsvuku rwemhiripiri - nei miriwo iyi yakasiyana? Chii chinoita kuti mavara aya ave akasiyana?

Ma phytochromes musanganiswa wemhando mbiri dzema molecules e pigment: ma cytosolic pigments anonyungudika mumvura uye ma lipid-soluble chloroplast pigments. Mienzaniso yeaya ekutanga inosanganisira anthocyanins, flavonoids dzinopa ruvara kumaruva; kune aya ekupedzisira, ma carotenoids, luteins uye chlorophylls akajairika. Ma pigments anonyungudika mumvura anonyungudika mu ethanol pamwe chete nemvura yakajairika asi haanyungudike mune mamwe ma organic compounds akadai se ether ne chloroform. Ma pigments anonyungudika mafuta anonetsa kunyungudika mu methanol, asi anonyungudika nyore nyore mu ethanol yakawanda nezvimwe zvinonyungudika zvipenyu. Kana akaiswa kune lead acetate reagent, ma pigments anonyungudika mumvura anodonha uye anogona kunyungudika ne activated carbon; mavara acho anochinjawo zvichienderana ne pH.

1. Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll inowanikwa zvakanyanya mumashizha, michero uye algae yemiti yakakwirira, uye chinhu chakakosha muma chloroplasts emiti, ayo aripo pamwe chete nemapuroteni muzvinhu zvipenyu.

Chlorophyll inobvisa ropa, inokurudzira kubuda kweropa, inomutsa masero, inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye inodzivirira kuzvimba, nezvimwewo. Mumakore achangopfuura, masayendisiti akawana kuti chlorophyll ine simba rekudzivisa kugadzirwa kwemasero eAI.

Zvikafu zvine chlorophyll zvinosanganisira: kale, alfalfa sprouts, lettuce, sipinachi, broccoli, lettuce, nezvimwewo.

Chlorophyll ndiyo inonyanya kuoneka muruvara rwegirini, boka remavara anozivikanwa zvikuru anowanikwa mumhando dzese dzemiti. Vamwe vangashamisika kuti, ko makarotsi? Ko zvinhu izvi zvine chitarisiko neruvara zvisingaenderane negirini zvachose? Kutaura zvazviri, makarotsi anewo chlorophyll, iyo isiri yakaderera, asi "girini" yakafukidzwa ne "yero neorenji".

2.Carotenoid

MaCarotenoids izwi rinowanzo shandiswa kureva maisomers akasiyana-siyana emacarotenoids nezvimwe zvinobva maari zvinowanikwa mumiti. Iboka rezvinhu zvine mavara zvinowanikwa zvakanyanya muzvisikwa, uye zvakatanga kuwanikwa mumakaroti, saka zita racho rinonzi macarotenoids.

Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kudya ma carotenoids akawanda muvanhu kunogona kuderedza chirwere cheprostate chinokonzerwa nekukwegura uye kuora kwemasero emumaziso eretinal. Nokudaro, ma carotenoids echisikigo akatenderwa neBazi reHutano kuti ashandiswe sechikafu chekudzivirira mwaranzi. Ma carotenoids akasiyana ane maumbirwo akasiyana emamorekuru, uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, ma carotenoids anopfuura 600 akanga awanikwa.

Zvikafu zvine carotenoids: makarotsi, manhanga, matomatisi, citrus, chibage, nezvimwewo.

3. Flavonoid

Maruva eFlavonoid, anozivikanwawo seanthocyanins, imavara anonyungudika mumvura. Kubva pakugadzirwa kwemakemikari, ichinhu chinonyungudika mumvura. Chinowanikwa zvakanyanya muumambo hwezvirimwa, kusanganisira zvinobva kune zvakasiyana-siyana, uye zviuru zvemarudzi zvakawanikwa. Maruva eFlavonoid haawanzo kuwanikwa muzvisikwa semamonomers. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemaflavonoid dziripo muzvirimwa zvemhuri dzakasiyana, marongero, genus, uye marudzi; muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvezvirimwa zvakaita sebark, mudzi, uye ruva, kune maflavonoid akasiyana. Mhando dzinosvika mazana mana dzakawanikwa kusvika pari zvino, dzisina ruvara, yero yakajeka kana orenji yakajeka, uye ruvara rwadzo runokanganiswa zvakanyanya nepH.

Senzira yechisikigo yekupenda chikafu, anthoxanthin yakachengeteka, haina chepfu, ine zvakawanda zvinobatsira, uye ine zvimwe zvinovaka muviri uye mishonga. Inokwanisa kushandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikafu, zvizoro, uye mishonga.

Mumakore achangopfuura, ongororo dzakawanda dzakaitwa munyika nekunze kwenyika dzakaratidza kuti ma flavonoid ane anti-oxidation, kubvisa ma free radicals, anti-lipid peroxidation activity, kudzivirira zvirwere zvemwoyo, antibacterial, antiviral, uye antiallergic effects. Muriwo, michero nezviyo muhumambo hwezvirimwa zvakapfuma mu flavonoid pigments.

Zvikafu zvine flavonoid pigments: mhiripiri inotapira, celery, hanyanisi tsvuku, green tea, citrus, mazambiringa, buckwheat, nezvimwewo.

4. Anthocyanin

Anthocyanins: Nekuda kwe "basa rayo rekudzivirira oxidant" rakakosha, anthocyanins inozivikanwa zvikuru uye inonzi "chiito chekunyengera" nemakambani mazhinji. Mhando dzeanthocyanins dzinopfuura 300 dzakawanikwa, dzinosanganisira bhuruu, pepuru, tsvuku neorenji. Mapigment aya anonyungudika mumvura. Anthocyanins inogona kuratidza mavara akasiyana sezvo pH ichichinja. Unofanira kuva neruzivo rwakafanana paunenge uchibika kabichi (tsvuku) mumvura.

Hunhu hwemakemikari hweanthocyanins hahuna kugadzikana, uye ruvara ruchachinja zvikuru nekuchinja kwepH, iyo iri tsvuku pasi pe7, yepepuru pa8.5, yebhuruu-yebhuruu pa11, uye yeyero, orenji kana kunyange brown pa11. Okisijeni, chiedza kana tembiricha yakakwira zvinogona kushandura chikafu chine anthocyanin yakawanda kuita brown. Pamusoro pezvo, kuchinja kweruvara kunokonzerwa nekubata iron kunofanira kudzivirirwa zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa.

MaProanthocyanidins anokwanisa kubvisa mafree radicals mumuviri, ane simba guru rekuchengetedza maantioxidant, uye anogona kudzora dziviriro yemuviri uye kuita basa rekurwisa kenza.

Zvikafu zvine anthocyanins: mbatatisi dzepepuru, mupunga mutema, chibage chepepuru, kare yepepuru, eggplant, perilla, makarotsi, beet, nezvimwewo.

Nevanhu vanotsigira zvakasikwa, kutsvaga hutano nekuchengetedzeka kutanga zvinodiwa zvepfungwa, pamwe nekupinda kweChina muWTO kuri kutarisana nezvinodiwa nehupfumi hwenyika, kukura kwemavara echisikigo anodyiwa nekukurumidza, zvichienderana nehuwandu, kubva muna 1971 kusvika 1981 pasi rose rakaburitsa mapatenti zana nemakumi maviri nematanhatu ekupenda chikafu, ayo 87.5% ari mavara echisikigo anodyiwa.

Nekukura kwenharaunda, kushandiswa kwemavara echisikigo kwave kufarirwa zvishoma nezvishoma mumaindasitiri ezvekudya nekugadzira zvizoro, uye matekiniki anoshandiswa akavandudzika zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichiita kuti mavara echisikigo ave chikamu chakakosha chekushongedza hupenyu.

Chinangwa chedu chebhizinesi ndechekuti ""Ita Kuti Nyika Ifare Uye Ive Nehutano Hwakanaka".

Kuti muwane rumwe ruzivo nezvezvinotorwa pamiti, munogona kutibata panguva yekushandiswa kwemishonga yemasvosve!!

Mareferensi：https://www.zhihu.com/